How does ethnicity affect drug metabolism?

The genetic differences between ethnic groups result from differences in the distribution of polymorphisms that are related to the enzymes responsible for drug metabolism. Even a single difference in a nucleotide of a candidate gene can have a profound impact on pharmacological response to asthma therapeutics.

What affects drug metabolism in different species?

that species variations in drug metabolism are caused solely by differences in the amount of enzyme present in liver microsomes.

Does genetics affect drug metabolism?

Genetic factors can account for 20 to 95 percent of patient variability. Genetic polymorphisms for many drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug targets (e.g., receptors) have been identified.

What are variants that may alter drug metabolism?

Individuals carrying different CYP2D6 allelic variants have been classified as poor metabolizers (PMs), intermediate metabolizers (IMs), extensive metabolizers (EMs), and ultrarapid metabolizers (UMs) according to the metabolic nature of the drugs and degree of involvement in drug metabolism of these variants [35].

Does ethnicity affect pharmacokinetics?

Ethnic or racial differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have been attributed to the distinctions in the genetic, physiological and pathological factors between ethnic/racial groups.

What is hepatic metabolism of drugs?

The constellation of chemical alterations to drugs or metabolites that occur in the liver,carried out by microsomal enzyme systems, which catalyze glucuronide conjugation, drug oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis.

How a genetic variation will affect drug response?

Single variants in genes not involved in drug metabolism can also confer high risk for variable drug responses. These may involve variants in genes encoding the target molecules or pathways with which drugs interact, or those encoding genes unrelated to the therapeutic effect.

How does genetics affect drug response?

Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. This relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic makeup.

Why are there ethnic differences in drug metabolism?

Such differences may consist of different mean values of quantitative traits in separate populations, or of different frequency distributions as produced by the occurrence of genetic enzyme variants. The collection of population data requires the investigation of substantial numbers of subjects.

How many genetic factors are involved in drug metabolism?

Genetic factors can account for 20 to 95 percent of patient variability. Genetic polymorphisms for many drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug targets (e.g., receptors) have been identified.

How are genetic polymorphisms related to drug metabolism?

Genetic polymorphisms are naturally occurring variants in gene structure that occur in more than 1 percent of the population. Polymorphisms may influence a drug’s action by changing its pharmacokinetics or its pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics is the study of the rate and extent of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Are there any drug studies comparing different populations?

Many studies with probe drugs comparing different populations have given results that are equivocal in terms of the nature-nurture interplay.